Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer, Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the ''Gesamtkunstwerk'' ("total work of art"), by which he sought to synthesise the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama. He described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle ''Der Ring des Nibelungen'' (''The Ring of the Nibelung'').His compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex textures, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs—musical phrases associated with individual characters, places, ideas, or plot elements. His advances in musical language, such as extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres, greatly influenced the development of classical music. His ''Tristan und Isolde'' is sometimes described as marking the start of modern music.
Wagner had his own opera house built, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which embodied many novel design features. The ''Ring'' and ''Parsifal'' were premiered here and his most important stage works continue to be performed at the annual Bayreuth Festival, which was galvanized by the efforts of his wife Cosima Wagner and the family's descendants. His thoughts on the relative contributions of music and drama in opera were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional forms into his last few stage works, including ''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg'' (''The Mastersingers of Nuremberg'').
Until his final years, Wagner's life was characterised by political exile, turbulent love affairs, poverty and repeated flight from his creditors. His controversial writings on music, drama and politics have attracted extensive comment – particularly since the late 20th century, as they express antisemitic sentiments. The effect of his ideas can be traced in many of the arts throughout the 20th century; his influence spread beyond composition into conducting, philosophy, literature, the visual arts and theatre.
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1982
Published 1982
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1914
Published 1914
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1913
Published 1913
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1985
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1903
Published 1903
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1971
Published 1971
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1925
Published 1925
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71
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1983
Published 1983
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72
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1983
Published 1983
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73
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1983
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74
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1976
Published 1976
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75
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1982
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by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1988
Published 1988
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77
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1984
Published 1984
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78
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1985
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79
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1960
Published 1960
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80
by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
Published 1973
Published 1973
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